By David E. Comings, M.D.
The idea that man needs God to tell us how to behave morally, to be kind and thoughtful toward our fellow man, to aid others without any promise of benefit to ourselves, is a central tenet of most of the major religions. To emphasize the point, we are told that if we do not obey God's Moral Law we will spend an eternity in hell while if we do obey the Moral Law we will spend an eternity of bliss in heaven.
Dr. Francis Collins, of the National Institutes of Health, is the head of the Human Genome Project responsible for sequencing the three billion base pairs of the human genome. In 2007 this eminent scientist wrote a book entitled, The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief. He recounts that in his early years as a scientist he was an atheist but one day he had an epiphany and came to believe that man could not be a moral animal without the aid of a God given Moral Law. As a result of this realization, he became of person of faith and a devout Christian.
I greatly respect Dr. Collins, but this epiphany blew me away because although he was a geneticist, he found the extensive genetic evidence that altruism was an inborn genetic trait – unconvincing. He also believed that while the development of all other living organisms on earth was the result of Darwinian evolution, the evolution of man was special and was guided by the hand of God.
Surveys have shown that most scientists, especially scientists in the field of the biological and genetic sciences, are non-theists, due partly because they so strongly believe that Darwinian evolution was responsible for the origin of the species, including man. As a fellow geneticist I was surprised that this eminent scientist was both disavowing the decades of research into the genetics of altruism and proposing that humans were so unique that God was required to guide the evolution of humans. This was uncomfortably close to the tenants of the Intelligent Design creationists.
Here I wish to just address the issue of altruism as an inborn genetic trait. Altruism is defined as aiding another individual while incurring personal costs to oneself. For example, if I jump into a raging river to save my son from drowning, I place myself at risk of drowning. This behavior of being kind and helpful to others is a central tenet to of Christian thought, the Golden Rule, consisting of treating others, as you would like to be treated.
One of the best examples of altruism in the animal kingdom is the behavior of sterile worker honeybees who sacrifice themselves for the benefit of the queen bee. Darwin was quite concerned about altruism, fearing that it seemed to directly contradict his theory of survival of the fittest, thus allowing better genes to be passed on to the next generation. Worker bees are sterile and thus derive no direct benefit for their altruistic acts and cannot pass on their genes. Darwin's solution to this apparent contradiction of this theory was to suggest that the survival benefit did not always have to apply to the individual – it could also apply to the relatives of the individual. Thus, a sterile worker bee helping the queen to survive would help guarantee the preservation of the genes of the whole family. This became known as the 'kin selection' theory. As if his general theory of the evolution of the species were not enough of a problem for religions to swallow, Darwin was now suggesting that self-sacrificial behavior, generally considered only to be within the purview of religion, was also biologically controlled and could occur in animals was well as humans.
The controversial issues of the genetics and evolution of altruism were addressed by some of the most brilliant and famous mathematical geneticists of the 20th century, including J.B.S. Haldane, Ronald Fisher and Sewell Wright 1. Wright provided the field of population genetics with the term r, referring to the degree of genetic relatedness between relatives. For example, fathers and sons and brothers and sisters share half of their genes in common producing an r = 1/2. Grandfathers and grandchildren share 1/4 of their genes in common producing an r = 1/4.
However, it was a naturalist and student of economics, William Hamilton, who in 1963 published the equation that provided a framework for understanding the genetics and evolution of altruism. Hamilton was both a naturalist and a student of economics. The latter provided him with an appreciation of cost-benefit analysis. Hamilton's famous equation was r x b > c, where b is the benefit accrued by the relatives for an altruistic act and c is the cost of the altruistic act. Thus, if a father saved his son from drowning, the odds that his son would be saved (benefit) must be twice the odds that the father would drown (cost) for the altruistic act to genetically benefit the family. The rearranged equation would be b > 2c (the benefit must be greater than twice the cost).
Inherent in the equation is the fact that the closer the relationship between the individuals involved in the altruistic act, the higher the r, and thus the greater the benefit to the family. This process that Hamilton defined mathematically was termed "kin selection" for its implications for evolution and natural selection. Examples of altruistic behavior adhering to Hamilton's equation have been described in a wide range of animals including mammals 1.
Subsequent work involving the concepts of reputation and punishment in societies has expanded the role of altruism in humans to include unrelated individuals in both small and large groups. These studies suggest a selective advantage for altruism involving not only small kinships, but also larger societal groups. Brain imaging studies indicate that cooperative behaviors that benefit the group, can activate pleasurable reward pathways, thus making altruism a pleasurable act.
Combined, the aggregate of these studies suggests that man is a moral and mutually cooperating animal not because God dictated the laws of moral behavior, but because the genes for such behavior were selected for and evolved over time. These behaviors were advantageous to early societal groups and individuals and groups displaying such behaviors were more likely to survive than those who did not. Moral law is inborn, not God given.
1 Dugatkin, L.A.: The Altruism Equation. Princeton Univ. Press. 2006.
David E. Comings, M.D., author of Did Man Create God? is a world renown physician, human geneticist, and neuroscientist, past president of the American Society of Human Genetics and head of the Department of Medical Genetics at the City of Hope National Medical Center for 37 years. See Did Man Create God.
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